Qadi Iyad and His Impact on Religious and Political Life in the Maghreb during the Late Almoravid Period (500–544 AH / 1106–1149 CE): A Study of Jurisprudence, Authority, and Doctrinal Shifts

Abstract

       This study examines the influence of Qadi Abu al-Fadl Iyad ibn Musa al-Yahsubi al-Sabti (476–544 AH / 1083–1149 CE) on the religious and political life of the Maghreb during the late Almoravid period. It focuses on his scholarly and judicial activities from the beginning of the sixth Islamic century, as well as his موقف toward the political and intellectual transformations of that era, culminating in the Revolt of Ceuta in 543 AH / 1149 CE. The study also explores his scholarly formation, his connections with scholars of the Maghreb and al-Andalus, his position on the controversy surrounding Ihya Ulum al-Din, and his stance toward the Almohad movement. Furthermore, the research examines his work Al-Shifa bi Ta'rif Huquq al-Mustafa in terms of its religious and theological significance, without assuming that its composition was intended to establish the political legitimacy of the Almoravid state. The study distinguishes between historically established accounts, historical inferences, and analytical interpretations. It concludes that Qadi Iyad's influence did not constitute a comprehensive political project; rather, it stemmed from his scholarly and judicial authority and his Maliki affiliation, which enabled him to influence societal positions and defend the prevailing religious and doctrinal framework. This influence eventually assumed a direct political dimension through his resistance to the Almohad transformation in Ceuta.