The conditions of the three cities under Carthaginian, Numidian, and Roman occupation

Abstract

This research aims to clarify the conditions of the three cities (Oea, Sabratha, and Leptis Magna), which are considered cultural entities with their own distinct identity and authentic historical extension. These cities were not affected by the occupying forces except for the modifications made by the Carthaginian systems to the Roman administrative region. They enjoyed a degree of autonomy in their internal affairs. The wealthy class took over the affairs of government in Leptis Magna, and they had a Senate and a Popular Assembly, each with specific tasks and influence. Their economy relied on agriculture and caravan trade. However, independence was only nominal because the actual sovereignty belonged to the Carthaginian state, which imposed restrictions on foreign policy. Carthage imposed many financial and in-kind taxes on them. As for Numidian policy, it granted the regions a degree of autonomy and tolerance. The three cities experienced a period of prosperity and security under Roman rule, but problems arose at the end of the second century AD due to civil wars