Abstract... The paper aims to study the impact of government spending on the inflation rate in Libya during 1990-2020. The study relied on an econometric model employing unit root tests and ARDL regression. The research concluded several results, the most important of them is the high increase in public spending in the recent years as well as the current expenditure has increased represented 28% of the total expenditure in 2010 compared with 55% and 70% in 2015 and 2020 respectively while the development spending has stayed at a very low level. The inflation rate increased significantly during most of the search years with some fluctuation in exceptional years. The results also showed that there is a co-integration association between general spending and inflation rates which is consistent with the economic theory. This means that any increase in general spending will be associated with an increase in inflation rates, but this effect is not significant at 5% level of significance. The short term results indicate that there is a reverse effect but it is very limited to the inflation rate, as the value of this effect reached 0.000290 which means that the increase in general spending by 1% will lead to a decrease in the inflation rate by about 0.03%, but this effect will lead to a positive effect in the long term.
Abstract... The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of economic policies in reducing poverty in Libya. A deductive approach was deployed to describe the relationship between the phenomenon of poverty and economic policy from a theoretical point of view. Annual data was collected for the period from 1990 to 2021. Also, the study used quantitative analysis approach through economic measurement tools represented in unit root tests, and the self-regression method for distributed time gaps "ARDL". The results showed that, first, most notably the existence of a positive relationship between the poverty rate and the money supply in its broad sense – as a representative of monetary policy in the long and short term on the one hand, and an inverse relationship to the unemployment rate –as an indicator of operational policy– in the short term, but this impact will lead to a direct impact in the long term, on the other hand, and the absence of any effect of the government expenditure variable .As an indicator of fiscal policy – in the long– term poverty rate, and its positive and significant impact in the short term appears only at the second time delay. The variable that most affects the poverty rate in the long run is the variable of the unemployment rate, while in the short term, the variable of money supply is the most influential in the poverty rate.
Abstract... This paper aims to explore the patterns and causes of change in total factor productivity TFP in the U.S. manufacturing industries during the Great Recession period (2007-2009). Using STATA statistical software this study fits a conventional Cobb-Douglas production function, and a Levinsohn and Petrin (2003) production function to estimate TFP using labour hours as a free variable, capital services as a state variable and intermediate inputs as a proxy for unobservable productivity shocks. The LP and OLS TFP estimates at the industry level reveal an interesting story where the growth in productivity in each industry slowed down during and after the years of the (2007-2009) economic turbulence in the U.S. economy. This post-recession slowdown has been widespread and occurred in 70% of the world’s advanced, emerging and developing economies, as well as 80% of the world’s poorly developed economies. There can be all manner of reason as to what stands behinds this slowdown in TFP, as it is fairly difficult to pinpoint the exact factors that contributed to it, but it can be partly put down to the slowdown in the share of start-ups, deceleration in capital intensity and capital deepening, and a decrease in investment in the aftermath of the recession.
Abstract... This study was conducted during December 2022 on Juniperus oxycedrus Subsp. Macrocarpa in the places of its spread west of the city of Derna, where it is considered one of the rare and endangered wood species, where it is exposed to a state of severe deterioration, represented by the leaves turning yellow, then red, then Brown, the leaves fall and the branches remain without leaves, and the trees die, This study is the first recording of the fungus Aspergillus niger on Juniperus oxycedrus trees, the fungus was identified depending on the morphological characteristics of the developing colony on the nutrient medium Czapek Yeast Extract Agar (CYA), In addition to viewing the reproductive structures taken by light microscopy, the results showed that the fungus Aspergillus niger is one of the fungi associated with the Juniperus oxycedrus trees in the study area with an appearance rate of 70.83%, Where the fungus is generally characterized by a colony that has a cottony appearance at first appears white, then to yellow, then turns black, and wool-like cosmic holders are dark at the apex and end with a spherical vesicle.
Abstract... This paper examines the role of taxes in financing the public treasury in Libya during 1980-2022. The study employed time series techniques, represented by stationary and co-integration tests, in order to apply Fully Modified Least Squares (FM-OLS) method. The results showed that all variables, public spending, oil revenues, and tax revenues were non-stationary at level, however they were stationary at the first difference, as well as there was a cointegration association among them according to Engel-Granger test. The results of the FM-OLS estimates showed that there was a positive relationship between public spending and oil revenues by about +0.98%, while there was a negative relationship between public spending and tax revenues by approximately -0.75%. All results were significant at 1% level of significance. These results reveal that the Libyan economy does not have an effective fiscal policy regarding taxes to contribute in financing the public spending, as the Libyan economy is highly dependent on oil revenues instead of focusing on taxes.
Abstract... The current study was conducted four teleost species (Pagrus pagrus, Sparisoma cretense, Siganus rivulatus and Euthynnus alletteratus). Proteins of lateral muscles were estimated using electrophoresis on an acrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) in the Biological Research Center (Faculty of science, Misurata university). The present study indicated that the electrophoresis analysis (SDS-PAGE) of skeletal muscles (lateral muscle) proteins showed there was a variation in the number of protein bands fishes were 14, 15, 16 and 19 in S. cretense, P. pagrus, E. alletteratus and S. rivulatus respectively. Furthermore, there were an affinity between the protein bands of E. alletteratus and S. cretense, then with S. rivulatus. On the other hand, the result showed that mismatch between with P. pagrus. The electrophoresis analysis of lateral muscle proteins revealed that SDS-PAGE can be can be a good tool in taxonomy.
Abstract... The research objective is to analyze and measure the impact of the exchange rate on the gross domestic product in the Libyan economy during the period (1980-2014). The research was based on the hypothesis that there is an impact of the exchange rate on the gross domestic product. To achieve the research objective and test the hypothesis, the descriptive analytical method was followed in analyzing the relationship between... The exchange rate and GDP, and the applied quantitative method using the standard method to measure the impact of the exchange rate on GDP, where the relationship between the exchange rate and GDP was estimated using several standard models to determine the nature and type of the relationship between them.
The research found that there is a relationship between the exchange rate and the gross domestic product, as the correlation coefficient showed the existence of an inverse relationship between them, and the standard results of the estimated models confirmed this inverse relationship and its statistical significance in its various forms, whether in the linear, non-linear, or semi-linear form. The models gave similar and close results in terms of the type of relationship, the moral of the estimated models, and the explanatory ability, even though the relationship between the exchange rate and GDP was inverse, which means that the decline in the value of the Libyan dinar leads to an increase in the value of the Libyan dinar، GDP and vice versa. However, this relationship in the Libyan economy does not apply according to economic analysis, whether in terms of the direct or indirect impact of the exchange rate on GDP, due to the adoption of the foreign exchange control system and the imposition of direct quantitative and non-quantitative restrictions on foreign exchange and foreign trade. In addition to the lack of development of the financial and banking sector and the high degree of state intervention in economic life, which contributes greatly to the failure of automatic adjustment of the relationship between the two variables.