Abstract... The study aimed to test the Okun’s relationship between unemployment and economic growth rate and to estimate the Okun’s coefficient in the oil countries (Libya and Algeria) and the non-oil countries (Tunisia and Egypt). The first static and dynamic difference model for the Okun’s relationship, and the standard results obtained showed the lack of significance of the estimated models for the oil countries (Libya and Algeria), while the estimated models for the non-oil countries (Egypt and Tunisia) achieved statistical and economic significance, and the study concluded that the Okun’s relationship does not apply to the economies of All countries. In this study, it did not apply to the economies of the oil-countries, while it applies to non-oil countries, due to several reasons, the most important are: the structure of the non-diversified rentier oil economy that depends on oil and its revenues greatly. and unemployment in oil-countries is not cyclical unemployment related to economic activity in cases of recession and recovery, In addition, labor markets are inflexible in oil- countries compared to non-oil countries. Due to the large and excessive state interference in economic activity in oil-countries compared to non-oil countries.
Abstract... The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the most commonly used intravenous anesthetic drugs for induction of general anesthesia by anesthesiologists in Misurata hospitals. There was a total of 40 anesthesiologists. The respondents were worked in different hospitals in Misurata (public and private hospitals). Questionnaires were distributed to anesthesiologists in June 2021. Most of the respondents were those with more than ten years of experience (40%), and that (75%) of them work in both public and private hospitals. The study showed that the most common intravenous drugs in general anesthesia for induction are propofol (60%) and ketamine (37.5%), and one of the reasons for choosing them as the most common intravenous drugs in general anesthesia for induction is their availability, safety, cheapness and fast induction. This study revealed many advantages of these drugs, the most important of which were: potent hypnotic, rapid induction and fast anesthesia. It also has many disadvantages, including pain at injecting and hypotension. The results also showed that (20%) of the anesthesiologists in this study did not use ketamine with propofol in the same case and separate injections. In addition, 80% of them use propofol with ketamine on the same case and in different injections, because of its advantages, the most important of which is that it is effective in pediatric and cases of low blood pressure. As for the use of ketamine and propofol in the same injection (ketofol), all the anesthesiologists in this study denied their use of it for several reasons, the most important of which are unavailable and no previous experience. The most common intravenous drugs for induction are propofol and ketamine. Also in this study, we concluded that there is a mixture of propofol and ketamine used in developed countries and it is called ketofol and has multiple advantages and fewer disadvantages compared to using ketamine only or propofol only.