The Libyans and Their Relationship with the Nile Valley at the Dawn of History

Waleid A. Srar
This study examines early cultural and civilizational interactions between Libya and the Nile Valley during prehistoric times, emphasizing the role of climatic changes and human migrations. Archaeological evidence indicates that Libya saw significant cultural development from the Paleolithic era, with civilizations like the Aterian and Capsian excelling in stone tool production and pottery. These cultures shared ties with the Nile Valley, as demonstrated by similar artifacts found in both regions. Environmental changes, particularly desertification, drove Libyan migrations toward the Nile Valley, where they contributed to shaping its demographic and cultural landscape. Studies suggest that ancient Libyans were among the key ancestral groups of Pharaonic civilization, especially in the Delta. Additionally, Libyan rock art, notably in the Acacus and Tadrart mountains, mirrors Egyptian rock art, reflecting mutual influences. These connections highlight the impact of climate-driven migrati.

Feasibility of Groundwater Wells as a Source of Urban Water in Misurata Municipality

Feasibility of Groundwater Wells as a Source of Urban Water in Misurata Municipality
This study aims to assess the feasibility of utilizing groundwater wells in urban water distribution stations within Misrata Municipality and to determine their reliability as a sustainable water source. The research involved identifying and cataloging these wells, analyzing their physical and chemical water properties, and comparing them to the Libyan standards for drinking water and urban usage. Additionally, the study examined whether these wells can sufficiently meet local demands and serve as an alternative to the Great Man-Made River (GMR) supply. Findings indicate that despite its coastal location, Misurata Municipality relied primarily on local groundwater as a source of urban water supply until the late 1990s (1999). However, depletion of the shallow groundwater reservoir led to the cessation of most wells that previously supported the municipal water network. Furthermore, the study revealed that the existing groundwater wells in distribution stations neither provide adequate .

Changes in unemployment rates and their spatial variations in Libya: A geographical analytical study

Mohammed Ibrahim Al-Hamali
The study presents a geographical analysis of unemployment rates and their spatial disparities in Libya. It focuses on the growth of the working-age population (15-64 years) from 910,000 in 1973 to 4.4 million in 2020 (63.8% of the population), along with an increase in the youth demographic (15-34 years) by 37.9%. The economically active population rose from 423,000 to 2.3 million, while the number of job seekers increased from 15,000 to 354,000, reflecting a change rate of 22.18%. The economic participation rate climbed from 36.6% to 48.8%, with women constituting 47.8% of job seekers. The age group (25-34 years) emerged as the most actively seeking employment, accounting for 48.3%. High school graduates recorded the highest unemployment rate (28.4%), and the overall unemployment rate rose from 3.6% in 1973 to 18.7% in 2023, with the highest rate in Ghat (24%) and the lowest in Al Jabal Al Akhdar (6.8%). The (25-34 years) age group registered the highest general unemployment rate (32.

Clothing in Tripoli, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan during the 5th–11th Centuries AD / 1st–5th Centuries AH: A Historical Approach to Local and Foreign Influences

Ossama Abdulhameed Owrayeth
The research This study focuses on documenting the nature and patterns of clothing in Libya during the 5th–11th centuries CE/5th century AH. The research aims to trace the historical development of local garments, such as men’s cloaks, women’s robes, trousers, caps, and sandals. Examining the types of clothing worn by the inhabitants of Libya is valuable, as this sequential approach helps identify the transformations in Libyan attire over time. The study seeks to verify the nature of the relevant garments based on textual sources or archaeological evidence, distinguishing between locally produced clothing and those influenced by external cultures. Notably, luxurious Tripolitanian garments gained prominence after the advent of Islam, some of which originated from the Nafusa Mountains. Additionally, high-quality woolen textiles from Barqa, woven from the excellent wool of Barqawi sheep, became well-known. .

Enhancing Learning through Continuous Assessment: Teacher Perspectives on Motivation and Engagement in Libyan Preparatory Schools

Mohamed Abdalla Elsaghayer
This study investigates the influence of continuous assessment on student motivation and engagement among preparatory school students in Misurata, Libya. Using a questionnaire administered to 30 English teachers from 6 public schools, the research explores teachers' perceptions of continuous assessment practices, their impact on students, and the challenges and benefits associated with its implementation. The findings reveal that continuous assessment significantly enhances student motivation and engagement, with 93.3% of teachers reporting positive effects on motivation and 96.7% noting improved engagement. Regular feedback and opportunities for improvement are identified as key drivers of these outcomes. However, the implementation of continuous assessment faces challenges, including increased teacher workload (83.3%), limited resources, and a lack of training. Teachers primarily rely on homework assignments and written feedback, indicating a need for greater diversity in assessment .

Analytical Study of Rainfall Patterns, Their Seasonal and Quantitative Changes, and Future Trends in Misurata City from 1944 to 2024

Al-Sadiq Mustafa Swalem
1Hamida Miftah Saleh
The study dealt with research and analysis of rainfall patterns, seasonal and quantitative changes and future trends in the city of Misrata during the rainy season 1944/1945 AD until the rainy season 2023/2024 AD, using statistical analyses and tests that focused on the possibility of predicting future changes and quantities, given its importance in water sustainability and food security, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, and the results showed an average rainfall of 266. 32 mm for the study period. 32 mm for the study period, where the lowest rainfall rate was recorded during the 1969/1970 season (85.7 mm) and the highest rate during the 1980/1981 season (499. The test of the difference between the mean of the study period showed that there is no statistical evidence confirming the difference between the two periods and that the rainfall series is characterised by randomness and not linked to a specific trend, and this was confirmed by the t.